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Selected work

APR 2026
Inside a pro-Conservative influence operation on Community Notes
Indicator · Investigation
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This group of X accounts tried to keep Tory tweets fact check-free.
FEB 2026
This AI-generated podcast network publishes 11,000 episodes a day. It's also ripping off media outlets.
Indicator · Investigation
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Daily News Now tops search results for local news podcasts with AI content.
JAN 2026
Digital desecrations: when deepfakes are used to mock tragic deaths, and what platforms should do about it
Indicator · Investigation
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Synthetic videos of Renée Good are the latest form of technology-facilitated dehumanization.
OCT 2025
101 TikTok accounts masquerading as real news spread misinformation to millions
Indicator · Investigation
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Shallow impersonations of Telemundo, CNN, Fox News and other media got more than 200 million views posting fake ICE arrests and bombastic AI slop about geopolitics.
SEP 2025
Aid workers looking for jobs on LinkedIn face spammy websites, scammy recruiters, and sham listings
Indicator · Investigation
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LinkedIn deleted 27 pages with almost 6 million followers.
AUG 2025
Dozens of TikTok accounts use AI avatars of real journalists to spread fake news
Indicator · Investigation
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The platform’s Spanish-language misinformation problem led me to a Brazilian marketplace for monetized TikTok accounts.
JUL 2025
AI Nudifiers continue to reach millions and make millions
Indicator · Investigation
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Our exclusive analysis estimates that the nudifier economy may be worth up to $36 million a year.
JUN 2025
How Israel uses Google Ads in its information offensive against Iran
Indicator · Investigation
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Ads shown millions of times in five European countries promote Israel’s justification for military intervention.
MAR 2026
AI labeling is still very much a work in progress
Indicator
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Indicator’s latest audit of three generators and five social media platforms revealed multiple gaps.
NOV 2025
What did Elon change? A comprehensive analysis of Grokipedia [co-author]
arXiv
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Much of Grokipedia’s content is highly derivative of Wikipedia. But citation practices differ greatly, with Grokipedia citing many more sources deemed “generally unreliable” or “blacklisted” by Wikipedia — including dozens of citations to sites like Stormfront and Infowars.
OCT 2025
Threats to the sustainability of Community Notes on X [co-author]
arXiv
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Getting a note published has a positive effect on future contribution. That highlights the risk in the current system, where the proportion of notes considered “helpful” — and therefore shown on X — is just 10%, and declining.
JUN 2018
Spreading the (Fake) News: exploring health messages on social media and the implications for health professionals [co-author]
Am. J. of Health Education
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Explores the spread of health rumors and verified information on social networking sites using the Zika virus as a case study. Rumors had three times more shares than verified stories.
DEC 2019
How we highlight fact checks in Search and Google News
Google blog
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Google has highlighted fact checks in Search and News for almost three years as a way to help people make more informed judgments about the content they encounter online.
SEP 2018
Journalism, 'Fake News' & Disinformation: A Handbook for Journalism Education and Training [contributor]
UNESCO
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A model curriculum for journalism educators on disinformation: seven modules covering trust, information disorder, fact-checking, social media verification and combatting online abuse.
MAR 2018
A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: HLEG final report [expert group]
European Commission
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In January 2018, the European Commission set up a high-level group of experts to advise on policy initiatives to counter fake news and disinformation spread online.
JAN 2025
Let's fact-check Mark Zuckerberg's fact-checking announcement
Nieman Lab · Opinion
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Zuckerberg didn’t mention that a big chunk of the content fact-checkers have been flagging is not political speech, but the low-quality spammy clickbait that Meta platforms have commodified.
SEP 2024
We don't need Google to help reimagine election misinformation
Tech Policy Press · Opinion
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Weeks before the United States presidential election, Google is putting an elections deepfake machine in the pockets of anyone willing to splurge on its Pixel 9 phone.
SEP 2018
America's always-on partisan goggles hurt meaningful evaluation of fact-checking on Facebook
Poynter · Opinion
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Despite its global user base, Facebook’s actions against misinformation keep being informed by and analyzed with a narrowly American viewpoint.
JUN 2018
Fact-checkers are no longer a fresh-faced movement. They're fighting for the future of the internet.
Poynter · Opinion
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Fact-checkers are no longer the fresh-faced journalistic reform movement pushed forward by the tailwinds of positive expectations. We are wrinkly arbiters of a take-no-prisoners war for the future of the internet.
MAY 2018
Four serious questions about Elon Musk's silly credibility score
Poynter · Opinion
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Media Twitter experienced a bit of a meltdown on Wednesday afternoon as space-and-street entrepreneur Elon Musk mused about setting up a crowdsourced service that rates the credibility of journalists.
DEC 2017
Moving fake news research out of the lab
Nieman Lab · Opinion
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We spent much of 2016 and 2017 fretting about the effects of fake news and other forms of viral misinformation. So many of the pixels we dedicated to this topic, however, were uninformed or ill-informed.
OCT 2016
Fact check: this is not really a post-fact election
Washington Post · Opinion
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The end of facts is nigh. Or so we have been assured by headline after headline declaring the 2016 presidential campaign the dawn of the “post-truth” era.